A study has found that obese people had 8 percent less brain tissue than people with normal weight, while overweight people had 4 percent less tissue, putting them at greater risk of Alzheimer’s disease. According to senior author Paul Thompson, this is the first time anyone has established a link between being overweight and having what he describes as “severe brain degeneration.”
“That’s a big loss of tissue and it depletes your cognitive reserves, putting you at much greater risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases that attack the brain,” said Thompson. “But you can greatly reduce your risk for Alzheimer’s disease, if you can eat healthily and keep your weight under control.”
Alzheimer’s is a disease of the brain that destroys brain cells, causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia and there is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s.
The researchers compared the brains of people who were obese, overweight, and of normal weight, to see if they had differences in brain structure; that is, did their brains look equally healthy. They used brain images from an earlier study called the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study. Scans were selected of 94 elderly people in their 70s who were healthy not cognitively impaired-five years after the scan was taken. To define the weight categories, they used the Body Mass Index (BMI), the most widely used measurement for obesity. Normal weight people were defined as having a BMI between 18.5-25; overweight people between 25-30, and obese people greater than 30. The researchers then converted the scans into detailed three-dimensional images using tensor-based morphometry, a neuroimaging method that offers high resolution mapping of anatomical differences in the brain.
In looking at both grey matter and white matter of the brain, they found that the people defined as obese had lost brain tissue in the frontal and temporal lobes, areas of the brain critical for planning and memory, and in the anterior cingulate gyrus (attention and executive functions), hippocampus (long term memory) and basal ganglia (movement). Overweight people showed brain loss in the basal ganglia, the corona radiata, white matter comprised of axons, and the parietal lobe (sensory lobe).
References:
1. Paul Thompson, et al. Brain structure and obesity. Human Brain Mapping, DOI 10.1002/hbm.20870.
