Tai Chi Exercise Reduces Pain in Elderly Knee Osteoarthritis Patients

According to researchers, patients over 65 years of age with knee osteoarthritis improve physical function and experience less pain with regular Tai Chi exercise. Tai Chi (Chuan) is a traditional style of Chinese martial arts that features slow, rhythmic movements to induce mental relaxation and enhance balance, strength, flexibility, and self-efficacy.

Physical components of Tai Chi are consistent with current exercise recommendations for osteoarthritis, which include range of motion, flexibility, muscle conditioning, and aerobic workout. Researchers believe the mental feature of Tai Chi addresses negative effects of chronic pain by promoting psychological wellbeing, life satisfaction, and perceptions of health.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention there are 4.3 million U.S. adults over age 60 diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis, a common form of arthritis that causes wearing of joint cartilage, which results in pain, functional limitations or disabilities and a reduced quality of life. Half of American adults could develop symptoms of osteoarthritis in at least one knee by age 85.

For this study, researchers recruited 40 patients with confirmed knee osteoarthritis who were in otherwise good health. The mean age of participants was 65 years with a mean body mass index of 30.0 kg/m2. Patients were randomly selected and 20 were asked to participate in 60-minute Yang style Tai Chi sessions twice weekly for 12 weeks. Each session included: a 10-minute self-massage and a review of Tai Chi principles; 30 minutes of Tai Chi movement; 10 minutes of breathing technique; and 10 minutes of relaxation.

The remaining 20 participants assigned to the control group attended two 60-minute class sessions per week for 12 weeks. Each control session included 40 minutes of instruction covering osteoarthritis as a disease, diet and nutrition, therapies to treat osteoarthritis, or physical and mental health education. The final 20 minutes consisted of stretching exercises involving the upper body, trunk, and lower body, with each stretch being held for 10-15 seconds.

At the end of the 12-week period, patients practicing Tai Chi exhibited a significant decrease in knee pain compared with those in the control group. Using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain scale, researchers noted a –118.80 reduction in pain from baseline between the Tai Chi and control group. Improved physical function, self-efficacy, depression, and health status for knee osteoarthritis in subjects in the Tai Chi group was also observed. "Our observations emphasize a need to further evaluate the biologic mechanisms and approaches of Tai Chi to extend its benefits to a broader population," concluded Dr. Wang.

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References:
1. Chenchen Wang, et al. Tai Chi Is Effective in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthritis Care & Research. DOI:10.1002/art.24832.